{"id":241206,"date":"2026-02-13T15:12:27","date_gmt":"2026-02-13T20:12:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/?p=241206"},"modified":"2026-02-18T10:59:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T15:59:34","slug":"uconn-research-informs-policy-debate-on-expanding-juvenile-parole-eligibility-in-connecticut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/2026\/02\/uconn-research-informs-policy-debate-on-expanding-juvenile-parole-eligibility-in-connecticut\/","title":{"rendered":"UConn Research Informs Policy Debate on Expanding Juvenile Parole Eligibility in Connecticut"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>More than a decade after <em>Miller v. Alabama, <\/em>2012, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juveniles are unconstitutional, Connecticut is once again examining how it sentences young people.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/socialwork.uconn.edu\/person\/sukhmani-singh-phd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sukhmani Singh<\/a>, assistant professor at the UConn School of Social Work, led a participatory, multi-method research project and her work is helping shape this timely conversation.<\/p>\n<p>On Feb. 11, Singh, along with UConn research affiliate and incoming doctoral student Fernando Valenzuela, and their community co-researcher, James Jeter, <a href=\"https:\/\/ct-n.com\/ctnplayer.asp?odID=25921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">presented their findings to the Connecticut Sentencing Commission<\/a>. Specifically, their study was an examination of the experiences of beneficiaries of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cga.ct.gov\/2015\/act\/pa\/pdf\/2015PA-00084-R00SB-00796-PA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Act No. 15-84<\/a>, the state\u2019s 2015 law that created parole eligibility opportunities for individuals serving lengthy sentences for crimes committed as minors. Data included both qualitative interviews that Singh and Valenzuela conducted, as well as secondary, administrative data provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/bopp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Board of Pardons and Parole<\/a> on people released through 15-84.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cWe should note that internationally, the United States is the only nation in the world that still says it\u2019s OK to sentence children to life in prison.\u201d \u2014Sukhmani Singh<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Singh, who is also affiliate faculty with the Center on Community Safety, Policing and Inequality at the UConn School of Law, served as principal investigator of the two-year study, which was funded by the Connecticut Sentencing Commission.<\/p>\n<p>Their 83-page report,\u202f\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ctsentencingcommission.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Public-Act-15-84-Outcomes-Report-Final-Draft.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reentry After a Life Behind Bars: A Participatory, Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding the Experiences of PA 15-84 Beneficiaries in Connecticut after <em>Miller v. Alabama<\/em><\/a>\u201d\u202fsheds light on the experiences of people who received long or life sentences for crimes committed before age 18 and later became eligible for parole under 15-84.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe should note that internationally, the United States is the only nation in the world that still says it\u2019s OK to sentence children to life in prison,\u201d Singh told the Commission.<\/p>\n<p>As of January 2025, 123 individuals in Connecticut had been released from prison under Public Act 15-84. At the time of their offenses, they were approximately 17 years old on average, 99.2% male, and 96.7% people of color. Most had received total effective sentences of about 30 years for offenses including murder, manslaughter, or felony murder.<\/p>\n<p>The quantitative findings show positive reentry outcomes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>75% are currently employed<\/li>\n<li>About 60% live with family members or romantic partners<\/li>\n<li>Individuals have spent an average of five years in the community<\/li>\n<li>41% remain under Department of Correction supervision<\/li>\n<li>Approximately 11% returned to prison. By comparison, Connecticut\u2019s overall recidivism rate is about 49%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Singh also placed Connecticut\u2019s data in a broader national context. Prior to the Supreme Court\u2019s Miller ruling, roughly 12,000 individuals across 44 states were serving juvenile life-without-parole or de facto life sentences. Since then, many states have expanded parole eligibility.<br \/>\nResearch from states including California, Michigan, and Pennsylvania similarly shows low recidivism rates among individuals released after lengthy sentences for crimes committed as youth\u2014all in the single digits.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA lot of our national decarceration efforts have focused on low-level, nonviolent offenses,\u201d Singh said. \u201cThis population gives us a de facto test of safe and equitable decarceration, even for people who committed violent offenses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Criminological research consistently shows that individuals age out of risky behavior, she added, raising questions about the public safety value of incarcerating people decades beyond adolescence.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat the developmental science has shown us over the last 25 years is that young people are different from adults,\u201d Singh said. \u201cThe prefrontal cortex and limbic structures of the brain go through incredible transformation during adolescence and into early adulthood.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Life During Incarceration and Reentry Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_241226\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-241226\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-241226 img-responsive lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3.png\" alt=\"UConn research affiliate and incoming doctoral student Fernando Valenzuela\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3.png 1669w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-630x420.png 630w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission3-997x665.png 997w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 400px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 400\/267;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-241226\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">UConn research affiliate and incoming doctoral student Fernando Valenzuela presented the qualative portion of the research project.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Beyond the quantitative findings, interviews conducted by Valenzuela and Singh revealed that reentry to society is complex after decades behind bars. Participants described challenges securing identification documents like state IDs and birth certificates which are necessary for moving around in society, adjusting to technological change, navigating employment discrimination and working hard labor jobs, and adjusting to being with family.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;All participants expressed living with remorse, many expressed a strong desire for education, stability, and meaningful contribution to society,&#8221; Singh said.<\/p>\n<p>The 11 participants interviewed entered prison at an average age of 16 and spent an average of 21 years incarcerated. They were released at an average age of around 40. At the time of the interviews, none were living in court-mandated housing, and most were renting independently.<\/p>\n<p>Valenzuela said participants described the challenges of growing up in prison environments shaped by violence and long-term incarceration.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey talked about having to mature very quickly,\u201d they said. \u201cAbout navigating a culture where one participant described violence as the currency of prison.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, many expressed a deep desire for education and self-improvement but reported barriers to accessing programs within prisons because of their long sentences.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf you had a long sentence, you were invisible,\u201d one participant said.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers examined eight key areas of reentry and presented on the following four: documentation procurement, housing, employment, and reentry services.<\/p>\n<p>They found that 73% of participants experienced problems obtaining essential identification documents such as Social Security cards, state IDs, or birth certificates upon release\u2014barriers that delayed access to employment and healthcare.<\/p>\n<p>Housing outcomes varied. Most participants initially lived with family members, which they described as critical to stability. Others entered halfway houses, sometimes by choice to save money before securing permanent housing.<\/p>\n<p>Employment rates were high, with 82% of participants finding jobs through personal networks. Still, participants described financial strain and low wages in labor-intensive positions.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf you find employment, they&#8217;ll pay you pennies just enough so that you can survive,\u201d noted one interviewee. \u201cYou&#8217;ll be eating cereal again for dinner for like two weeks because they&#8217;re living paycheck to paycheck\u2026 people are doing the craziest \u2014. They&#8217;re just trying to make ends meet. I&#8217;ve seen a guy take toilet paper. It doesn&#8217;t make sense to me. You&#8217;re working full time and you need to steal toilet paper?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is how much they\u2019re struggling,\u201d Valenzuela said. \u201cPeople are working hard and not getting paid enough to meet their basic needs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Experiences with reentry programs were mixed. Some participants benefited from trauma therapy or financial assistance programs. Others described receiving informational pamphlets but little tangible support.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne participant emphasizes that they&#8217;re given a Burlington Coat Factory voucher, but they don&#8217;t have the means to actually go there,\u201d Valenzuela says.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Policy Recommendations<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_241228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-241228\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-241228 img-responsive lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2.png\" alt=\"Singh at commission \" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2.png 1620w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-630x420.png 630w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/commission2-998x665.png 998w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 400px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 400\/267;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-241228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sukhmani Singh reported that it costs approximately $60,000 per year to incarcerate an individual in Connecticut.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The researchers concluded with recommendations at legislative and community levels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cAs this legislative session moves forward, all eyes should be on how Connecticut addresses parole eligibility,\u201d Singh stated. \u201cThe evidence is clear. The question now is whether we are willing to align our policies with what the research shows.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Singh noted that it costs approximately $60,000 per year to incarcerate someone in Connecticut; a \u201cconservative estimate\u201d from a 2015 Vera Institute of Justice report. She urged lawmakers to determine parole eligibility based on age at the time of the offense rather than arbitrary sentencing dates (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cga.ct.gov\/2023\/act\/Pa\/pdf\/2023PA-00169-R00SB-00952-PA.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Act No. 23-169<\/a>) and to consider expanding parole eligibility to individuals who committed crimes under age 26.<\/p>\n<p>She also emphasized the importance of ensuring accurate release documentation, expanding access to prison education and rehabilitative programming regardless of sentence length, and supporting family connections during the period incarceration.<\/p>\n<p>More broadly, she pointed to much needed investments in affordable housing, employment opportunities, healthcare access, education, and historically divested communities as central to long-term public safety.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNationally, the pre-incarceration experiences of people we label \u2018juvenile lifers\u2019 show that fewer than half were attending school at the time of their offense, and 85% had been suspended or expelled,\u201d Singh said. \u201cWe should be increasing investments in early childhood, in our schools, in education.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The presentation comes as Connecticut lawmakers consider proposals to expand early parole eligibility to additional individuals who committed crimes as young adults\u2014potentially affecting hundreds of incarcerated people statewide.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe need to remember, this is a population of people that have almost invariably experienced childhood trauma, violence and victimization pre-incarceration,\u201d Singh explained. \u201cWe know that when these young people who are incarcerated, the research suggests that they reckoned with their crimes. They&#8217;ve experienced recognition of the harm they caused and want to contribute to society as they are being released.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>UConn researcher Sukhmani Singh\u2019s new report to the Connecticut Sentencing Commission shows that people released under the state\u2019s juvenile parole law have low recidivism rates and face significant reentry challenges, informing ongoing debates about sentencing reform<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":201,"featured_media":241224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_crdt_document":"","wds_primary_category":0,"wds_primary_series":0,"wds_primary_attribution":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2076,1870],"tags":[],"magazine-issues":[],"coauthors":[2514],"class_list":["post-241206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","category-ssw"],"pp_statuses_selecting_workflow":false,"pp_workflow_action":"current","pp_status_selection":"publish","acf":[],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-11 05:16:29","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/users\/201"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=241206"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":241336,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241206\/revisions\/241336"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/media\/241224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=241206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=241206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=241206"},{"taxonomy":"magazine-issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/magazine-issues?post=241206"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/today.uconn.edu\/wp-rest\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=241206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}